formation007

Eric Lindblom

Harvard

University

Ω

Formation Representation:

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"Let me put it quite succinctly: even as a youth I had the vague desire and intention to develop myself fully, myself as I am."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1796) Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1431/is_200301/ai_n5813054

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Harvard University:

Ω This website is designed as course support at Harvard University (h2o): Cognitive Science General Systems

Lindblom

http://h2o.law.harvard.edu/ViewProject.do?projectID=515 

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Representation

"When we capture a thought we give it a form or representation. This form is not the thought any more than the map is the land that it represents." Curt McNamara

photocredit: umn (see below)

Representation

"However, it is very convenient to work with the form, as the thought may be stored and changed in a reproducible fashion this way. To capture is to map the fleeting nature of thought to words, image or equation. Capturing is achieved by using a symbol system from one of these areas and making a representation using those symbols."

Curt McNamara

http://www.tc.umn.edu/~ahler002/TFTCAP.HTM

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Formation:

State Referential Information:

"... actually, in my view of the world information is constituted of three fundamental fragments: nonreferential information, referential information, and statereferential information; and the referential fragment is responsible for the ontology of the system ...."  B

Bela A. Banathy

photo credit: isss.org

International Systems Institute, Salinas, CA 93908, USA.

"It is argued that we can improve our understanding of living systems by focusing on their informational processes. Recent developments, primarily in evolutionary biology, cybernetics and systems theory, suggest that informational processes are of at least two, and probably three, different types; and that the interaction of these types can be seen as a basis for the self-construction of living systems.

Following the work of Csanyi and Kampis, a distinction is drawn between referential and nonreferential information. This typology is further extended to include statereferential information.

The statereferential type serves to lend stability to informational arrangements (organization) that are viable so that they may be propagated in space and time." PMID: 9648678 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?

Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Received: 10 March 1997; Accepted: 8 January 1998

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"myself as I am" Von Goethe

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Self-formation (Bildung and vospitanie) 

Skirmantas Janušonis

photocredit: ucsb

"I12. Self-Formation Modality. According to Janusonis [784-786], in self-formation the interaction between the forming object and the chaotic medium (the environment or substrate) is controlled by the forming object’s structure, and the structure is changed by the interaction, with the primary object increasing in complexity. Three kinds of self-formation can be used in manufacturing: self-alignment, development, and replication."

http://www.molecularassembler.com/KSRM/5.1.9.I.htm

Janušonis Questions:

1. STATISTICS

1.1. HOW DO I MAKE STATISTICALLY VALID COMPARISONS?

The following are a few simple steps that have to be followed if several groups are to be compared:

1.
Are my variables continuous?
YES, they are: Go to step 3.
NO, they are discrete or categorical: Go to Step 2.

2.
Do some cases appear in more than one count (i.e., proportions are correlated)?
YES: Use McNemar's test.
NO: Use the Chi-square test (SPSS: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs) or Fisher's exact test (if the total number of cases is less than 20).

3.
Are my variables normally distributed?
Use the Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, or Chi-square tests to test (SPSS: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore > Plots > Normality plots with tests).
YES, they are: Go to Step 4.
NO, they are not: Go to Step 5.

4.
Am I comparing two groups only?
YES: Use Student's t test (SPSS: Analyze > Compare Means).
NO, there are more groups: Use ANOVA (SPSS: Analyze > General Linear ).

5.
Am I comparing two groups only?
YES: Use the Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney test (SPSS: Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > 2 Independent Samples).
NO, there are more groups: Use the Kruskal-Wallis test (SPSS: Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > K Independent Samples).

Failure to follow this logic leads to meaningless results.

An excellent book on modern statistical methods: Discovering Statistics Using SPSS by Andy Field."

More? 

http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/~janusonis/biomath.html

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Self-Formation Theory and Applications

" i) self-formation, self-assembling of artificial systems;

 ii) simulation of self-formation;

iii) evolution with increasing complexity;

iv) self-formation physics;

v) self-formation technology (photovoltaics, fuel cells);

vi) self-formation applications in micro-electronics, nanotechnology, and molecular electronics."

Stepas Janušonis

http://www.ttp.net/3-908450-85-3.html

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The following Curt McNamara representation (or formation) is reproduced below in a larger format for the convenience of the reader. Please note this representation is intended for educational and/or research purposes only. Lindblom

Curt McNamara umn

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"Representation is a term used in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science to refer to a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_%28psychology%29

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Harvard University (h2o)

http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/

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